mirahmunt's Blog

Normalization: An Exercise

2009-05-03T02:49:00.000-07:00

Is given by the following ERD :

Normalization from ERD of above :

Mapping of ER Diagram above is :

Normaslisasi 1NF

Above field got from attribute in entitas of except field of KONTROLPEG and PIMPINAN. This Field is got from relationship 1:1 from entitas PEGAWAI and from entitas officer to entitas BAGIAN.

Functional Dependency from attribute of where sign bow its meaning that attribute showed by arrow sign, its value is depended from attribute showing, the example of at FD1 attribute showing is NOPEG so that all the attribute value depend on NOPEG. Where a officer control a lot of officer and a officer is only controlled by a just just officer. A officer can lead the shares and part of is only led by a just just officer.

From form 1NF above and by Functional is Dependency that happened is hence got by a second Normalization form 2NF

(NOPEG, NAPEG, ALM1, KDPOS, TGLLAH, UMUR,NOBAG, NOPEG) -> Pegawai Table

(NOBAG, NABAG, LOKASI, NOPEG) -> Bagian Table

(NOPEG, NOPRO, JAM) -> Kerja Table

(NOPRO, NAPRO, LOKPRO, NOBAG) -> Proyek Table

(NOPEG, NAMA, JNKELT, HUBUNGAN) -> Tanggungan Table

Table PEGAWAI have NOPEG as primary key, NOBAG and NOPEG as foreign key. NOBAG as the foreign key of this table because, according the ERD above, between PEGAWAI and BAGIAN have ANGGOTA relationship with many to one cardinality. So, primary key BAGIAN is become foreign key at table PEGAWAI. Table BAGIAN, have NOBAG as primary key, and NOPEG as foreign key. According to ERD above, between PEGAWAI and BAGIAN have PIMPIN relation with one to one cardinality. So, each other get foreign key from primary key each table. Table PROYEK have NOPRO as primary key, and NOBAG as foreign key. Table TANGGUNGAN have NOPEG as foreign key. As we see the ER above, TANGGUNGAN is weak entity, so, TANGGUNGAN have NOPEG as foreign key from table PEGAWAI. Table KERJA, is come from KERJA relation. As we see at the ER Diagram above, KERJA relation is many to many cardinality, so the relation KERJA is become a table, which have NOPEG and NOPRO as the foreign key

Form 3NF is equal to form 2NF because it is true when made to form 2NF entire all attribute of at tables only depend on one attribute of at the tables. This matter as according to loaded form 3NF that is in one tables of all attribute have to it depends on the one functioning attribute as primary key.

Database Normalization

2009-04-24T11:44:00.000-07:00

NORMALIZATION.

Process The Database Device

1. Collecting requirement user / business

2. Developing E-R Model pursuant to requirement user / business

3. Converting E-R Model to relationship gathering ( of tables )

4. Relationship normalization to eliminate the anomali

5. Implementation to database by making table to each;every relationship is normalization

Normalization of Data Bases

Normalization is process of forming of structure of data bases so that most ambiguity can be eliminated. Normalization Phase started from lightest phase ( 1NF) tightest till ( 5NF). Usually only come up with the storey;level 3NF or BCNF of because have adequate enough to yield the tabless which good with quality.

Normalization done by because to Optimalisasi Structure of is tables, Improving speed, Eliminating same data inclusion, More efficient in storage media use, Lessening redundans, Avoiding anomali ( insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update the anomalies) and improved Data integrity.

A tables told by goodness of if fulfilling 3 criterion :

· If there is decomposition of is tables of, hence decomposition have to be secured ( Lossless-Join Decomposition

· The looking after of functional depending at the (time) of data change ( Dependency Preservation).

· Do not impinge the Normal Boyce-Code of Form ( BCNF)

If third criterion ( BCNF) cannot be fullfiled, hence at least the tables do not impinge the Normal Form of third phase ( 3rd Normal of Form / 3NF )

Functional Dependency

Functional Dependency depict the relation attributes in a relationship. A attribute told by functionally dependant of at other if we use the the attribute value to determine the other attribute value.

· Symbol used is (→) to deputize the functional dependency

· Notation: A → B

A And B is attribute from a tables. Mean functionally A determine the B or B of depend on A, if and only if there is 2 data line with the same value A, hence assess the B also is of equal

· Notation: A /→ B Or A x→ B

Is reverse from previous notation.

Functional Dependency (FD)

Functional Dependency from tables of value

· Nrp → Name

Because to each;every same value Nrp, hence assess the Name also is of equal

· { Mata_Kuliah, NRP } → Value

Because attribut Assess depend on Mata_Kuliah and NRP by together. In other;dissimilar meaning for the Mata_Kuliah of same and NRP, hence Assess also is of equal, because Mata_Kuliah and NRP represent the key ( having the character of unique ).

· Mata_Kuliah ∕→ NRP

· NRP /→ Assess

First Normal Form - 1NF

A tables told to be at the normal form of I of if he do not be at the form of unnormalized table, where happened [by] the field duplication which of a kind and enable there is field which null ( empty ).

Do not diperboleh of is existence of : valuable attribute a lot of, Composite Attribut or combination from both. Becoming : Price of Domain attribute have to represent the price atomic.

Second Normal Form - 2NF

Normal form 2NF fullfiled in a tables of if have fulfilled the form 1NF, and all attribute of besides primary key, intactly own the Functional Dependency of at primary key. A tables do not fulfill 2NF, if there is attribute which its depending only have the character of the just just parsial ( only depend on some of primary key) . If there are attribute which do not own the depending to primary key, hence the attribute have to be moved or eliminated.

· Functional depending of X → Y told by full of if vanishing a attribute A from X mean the Y shall no longger hinge functional.

· Functional depending of X →Y told by partial of if vanishing a attribute A from X mean the Y still hinge functional.

· Scheme of Relationship R in the form of 2NF if each every attribute of is non primary key A € R hinge full of by fungsioanl at primary key R.

· Tables in the following is fulfilling 1NF, but [do] not the inclusive of 2NF :

{NIM, KodeMk} → NameMhs

{NIM, KodeMk} → Address

{NIM, KodeMk} → Matakuliah

{NIM, KodeMk} → Sks

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue

· The tables require to decomposition become some up to standard tables 2NF

· Functional dependency:

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue (fd1)

NIM → {NameMhs, Address} (fd2)

KodeMk → {Matakuliah, Sks} (fd3)

· becoming :

fd1 (NIM, KodeMk, LetterValue) → Tables Value

fd2 (NIM, NameMhs, Address) → Tables of student

fd3 (KodeMk, Matakuliah, Sks) → Tables MataKuliah

Third Normal Form - 3NF

Normal form 3NF fullfiled by if have fulfilled the form 2NF, and otherwise there is attribute of is non primary key owning depending to attribute of is non primary key the other ( depending transitif)

· So that the tables require to didekomposisi become.:

· Student (NIM, NameMhs, Jalan, KodePos)

KodePos (KodePos, Provinsi, Town)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Normal Boyce-Codd of Form have the constraint which is stronger than Normal form third. To become the BNCF, relationship have to in the form of Normal of First and each;every attribute forced to base on the function of at super attribute of key.

At example of hereunder there are Seminar relationship, Lock the Primary is NPM + Seminar.

Student may take one or two seminar. Each Every seminar require 2 counsellor and each every student guided by one of among 2 the seminar counsellor. Each Every counsellor only may take one just just seminar. At this example of is NPM And Seminar show a Counsellor.

Form the Seminar Relationship is Normal form Third, but do not BCNF. Because Seminar Code still hinge the function of at Counsellor, if each;every Counsellor can teach only one seminar. Seminar base on one attribute of non super of key such as those which disayaratakan by BCNF. Hence Seminar relationship have to be broken to become two that is :

Fifth and fourth Normal form

Relationship in the form of fourth normal ( 4 NF) if relationship in BCNF and do not contain the depending of a lot of value. To eliminate the depending of a lot of value from one relationship, we divide the relationship become two new relationship. Each relationship contain two attribute having relation of a lot of value. Relationship in the form of fifth normal ( 5NF) dealing by properti is so-called join without existence of information loss ( lossless join). fifth Normal form ( 5 NF is also referred as by PJNF ( normal projection join of form). This case very rare emerge and difficult to be detected practically

ER-Diagram

2009-04-18T08:15:00.000-07:00

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

DEFINITION of DATA BASES

o A group of on file data in magnetic disk, optical disk or depository of other sekunder.

o Inwrought collection from data which each other is interconnected the than a enterprise ( company, governmental institution or private sector)

· Manufacturing business : production planning data, newest production data, data of material ordering

· Hospital : patient data, doctor, nurse

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Corps / database merger with the application software being based on database. This application program is used to access and look after the database. Especial target of DBMS is provide a efficient and easy environment for the use of, withdrawal and depository of data and information.

Beet : representing part of containing smallest data assess 0 or 1

Byte : corps from beet which of a kind

Field : a group of byte-byte which of a kind, in data bases used by a attribute term

ATTRIBUTE TYPE

o Single Vs multivalue

Single : only can be filled by at most one value

Multivalue : can be filled with interest from one value with the same type

o Atomic Vs composition

Atomic : indiscrete into smaller attribute

Composition : representing merger from some smaller attribute

o Derived Attribute

Attribute which its value can be yielded from other;dissimilar attribute value, for example : age yielded from attribute of is date of delivering birth

o Null Value Attribute

Attribute which do not own the value to a record

o Mandatory Value Attribute

Attribute which must own value

RECORD/TUPLE

Representing a data line in a relationship. Consist of by attribute corps of where the attribute interact to inform the entitas / relationship completely.

ENTITAS/FILE

File represent the corps from record which of a kind and have the same element, attribute of is of equal but different each other data value. File Type in application process : Mains File, Transaction File, Report File, History File, Protector File, File Work.

DOMAIN

Domain represent the corps from values enabled to stay in one or more attribute. Each Every attribute in a bases of data relasional defined by as a domain

LOCK THE DATA ELEMENT

Key is element record weared to find the the record when accessing or can is also used to identify each every entity/record/line.

TYPE KEY

o Superkey represent one or more attribute from a tables which can be used to identify the entityty / record from tables uniquely ( do not all attribute can become the superkey)

o Cadidate Key is super of key with the minimum attribute. Candidate Key may not contain the attribute from other tables so that candidate key beyond question superkey but not yet of course on the contrary.

o Primary Key

One of attribute from candidate key can be selected / determined to become the primary key with three criterion :

1. The Key more natural to be used as reference

2. The Key more simple

3. The Key well guaranted unique.

o Alternate Key is attribute from candidate key which is not chosen become the primary key.

o Foreign Key represent any attribute subjecting to primary key of at other tables. Foreign Key will be became of by a relationship owning kardinalitas one to many ( one to a lot of) or many to many ( a lot of to a lot of). Foreign Key usually is always placed at tables aiming to a lot of.

o Key represent a lexical attribute ( or gathering of lexical attribute) what its values always identify one object instance

ERD ( ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM)

ERD is a network model using wording kept in system in abstraction. DFD represent a model of function network to be executed by system of while ERD represent the model of data network emphasizing at structure and relationship data.

ELEMENT ERD

o Entity

At ER of Diagram Entity depicted with form the long sided square. Entity is something that there is in real system and also abstraction of where on file data or where there are data.

o Relationship

At ER of Diagram relationship depicted with a lozenged. Relationship is natural link that happened between entitas. Generally called with the elementary so that facilitate to conduct the its relationship read. Relationship Degree is amount entitas participating in one relationship. Degree which is often weared in ERD.

o Attribute is the nature of or characteristic of each entitas and also relationship

o Kardinalitas is showing optimum tupel which can berelasi by entitas at other entitas

DEGREE RELATIONSHIP

Unary Relationship is model relationship that happened between entity coming from entity set same.

Binary Relationship is model relationship that happened between 2 entitas.

Ternary Relationship is representing relationship of between instance from 3 type entitas unilaterally.

KARDINALITAS

There are 3 kardinalitas relationship that is :

One To One : Mount the relation one to one expressed with one occurence of at first entitas, only have one relation with one occurence of at secondary entitas conversely.

One To Many or Many to One : Mount the relation one to a lot of is equal to a lot of to one depended from which direction of the relation seen. To one occurence of at first entitas can have a lot of relation with the occurence of at secondary entitas, if on the contrary one occurence of at secondary entitas can only have the relation with one occurence of at first entitas.

Many To Many : happened by if each every occurence of at a entitas have the a lot of relation with the occurence of at other entitas

NOTATION ( DIAGRAM E-R)

Symbolic Notation in diagram ER is :

1. Long sided square express the gathering entitas

2. Radian express the attribute

3. Rhombic express the relationship gathering

4. Mark with lines as link of between relationship gathering with the gathering of entitas and Gathering Entitas with its attribute

DFD Quiz

2009-04-04T20:28:00.001-07:00

DATA OF FLOW DIAGRAM

Data of Flow Diagram

Referred as also Data of Flow Diagram ( DFD). Depicting system division into smaller module. Facilitating wearer which less comprehend the computer area to understand the system to be done.

Diagram of Context

Consist of by one process and depict the scope from a system. Representing highest level from DFD depicting all input to system and outpur from system. System limited by boundary ( depicted by dash line). There may not be any depository

Diagram of Zero

Depicting process from DFD. Opening on to by totally hit the system handled, showing existing especial process or function, stream of data and eskternal entity. This level is enabled by the existence of data storage. For the process of which is not detailed again at level hereinafter is hence enhanced by a symbol ‘*’ or ‘ P’ by end of number the process. Balance of Input and output balancing of between diagram 0 with the context diagram have to be looked after

Diagram of Detailed

Representing diagram elaborating process of what there is in diagram of zero or level of its above

Level of at DFD

Name Level	Name Diagram	Number Process
0	Context
1	Diagram 0	1.0, 2.0, 3.0, ...
2	Diagram 1.0	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ...
3	Diagram 1.1	1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...

In one level shall not there are more than 7 fruit process and maximal 9, if when more hence must be done dekomposision

Specification of Process

Each Every process of at DFD have to own the specification of process. At top level method used to depict the process earn by using descriptive sentence. At more level detailed that is at process most under requiring more specification is structure. Specification of process will become the guidance for programmer in making program. Method used in specification of process: breakdown of process in the form of story, decision table, decision tree

External Union

Something that of beyond system, but he give the data into system or give the data from system. Symbol : notation box. External of entity do not the inclusive of the part of system

Naming:

Terminal Name : noun
Terminal may not own the same name except its object it is true is of equal

Data Current

Representing place emit a stream of it information. Depicted with the connective straight line of component from system. Data current shown with the direction bow and mark with lines called by for data current emiting a of stream. Data current emit a stream of among process, data storage and show the data current from data which is in the form of input for the of system

Guidance of name gift:

Name of data Stream consisted of by some word stream attributed to by a continued line
There may not be any data stream which its name is of equal, name gift have to mirror the its contents
Data stream consisted of by some element can be expressed by grup is element
Avoid the word use ‘ data’ and ‘ information’ to give the name of at data stream
Name of data Stream writed complete.

Rule of is other dissimilar:

Name of data Stream which come into a process may not is equal to secretory data stream name from the process
Incoming data Flow, go out from data storage needn't be called by if: simple Data stream, is easy to comprehended, depicting all data item
There may not be any data stream from terminal to data storage or on the contrary because terminal of non part of system, terminal relation with the data storage have to through process

The Process

Process represent what done by system. Process earn the prosess of data or incoming data stream become the data stream go out. function the transformation one or some input data become one or some output data as according to specification wanted. Each Every process own one or some input and also yield one or some output. Process is often referred as by bubble

Guidance of name Gift process the:

Name process consisted of by the vb and noun mirroring the process function
Don't use the word process as part of name of a bubble
There may not be any some process owning same name
Process have to be given by number.

Symbol DFD

Data Deposit

Data Storage represent the existing data repository in system. Symbol : a couple of parallel line / two line wrongly one side from other side opened. Process can take the data from or give the data to database. Guidance of name Gift: name have to mirror the data storage, If its name more than one word hence have to be said the word to by joint

Data Dictionary

Function : assisting system perpetrator to interpret the application in detail, organization of all data element used by a system precisely so that wearer & system analyst have the same congeniality base about input, output, depository and process. At phase analyse the, data dictionary used as by communication means of between system analyst with the wearer. At phase of system scheme, data dictionary used to design the input, report and database. Data current of at DAD have the character of global.

The following Data dictionary:

Name of data Current: have to be noted by reader to needing furthermore clarification about a data current can look for it easily
Alias: alias or name of is differ from data can be writed by if there are
Data form: used to group the data dictionary into its use time of system scheme
Data current: showing where from data emit a stream of and where data go to the
Clarification: giving clarification of about meaning from data current

Balancing of in DFD

Data Stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to data stream which come into and go out from detail of process of at level / level of below its. Name of data Stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to incoming data stream name into and go out from detail of the process. Sum up and external name entitas from a process have to is equal to amount and external name entitas from detail of the process.

Things which must be gave attention to by DFD owning more than one level:

Have to there are balance of input and output of between one next level and level
Balance of between level 0 and level 1 seen at input / output from data stream to or from terminal of at level 0, while balance of between level 1 and level 2 seen at input / output from data stream to / from pertinent process
Name of data Stream, data of storage and terminal of at every level have to is of equal if its object is of equal

Interdict of in DFD

Data Current may not from direct external entitas go to the other external entitas without through a process
Data current may not from direct data deposit go to the external entitas without through a process
Data current may not from direct data deposit go to the other data deposit without through a process
Data current from one direct process go to the other process without through a data deposit better / can is possible avoided

Fourth Quiz

2009-03-27T07:04:00.000-07:00

PERCEPTION of EARLY REQUIREMENT ANALYSE

CONCEPT of INVESTIGATION SYSTEM

Difference Difference of between target of system and system condition in fact

Report detect the problem do not really real

Target too ideal
Lacking of resource and or attitude
System measurement less be accurate
System target of under developed
Difference of between system of ideal and system of whereas

Problem Solving

System Formulation which is walk
Ideal Getting of system consensus
Developing Some alternative
Chosening Best alternative

Investigation target is show the problem which is in fact happened

Some constraint which often emerge in conducting investment

Time : Analysts lack of resources time, so just do some investigative activities. Usually when dealing with the issue of cost is required.
Cost : Often the costs incurred related to the length of time for activities investigas, so that management will give the limits of cost.
Knowledge : Manager information systems tend Yunior told analysts that do not yet have the technical expertise or knowledge is sufficient, so that will impact on the results of investigations that are less deep, mature or complete.
Politics : Management or the parties may distribute certain issues which aim to restrict the investigation activities.
Interference : There are parties who try to intervene or control activities in investigas that will disrupt or cause a disruption.

RECOMMENDATION

Result from investigation is a containing recommendation for example :

Do not bring an action against because is not found by a problem
Conducting system conservancy
Improving ability or wearer skill
Considering system modification totally
Placing problem that happened into plan of system development which is immediately conducted

INVESTIGATION TACTICS

Tactics in needing to to find all problem, knowing cause of problem appearance, and determining correct solution

Conducted so that all system element can accept the solution offer without bothering their activity

Some tactics which can be conducted:

Listening opinion of system perpetrator
Don't give the resolving of early
Comparing story of some people of system perpetrator to same case
Paying attention to problem of inkonsistensi logical

Technique directly: kuesioner, question and answer, perception

Technique indirectly: procedure stream, learning document, sampel, tabular

DESKRIPSI SYSTEM

Input
Output
File
Data element
Volume of Transaction and action document
flow chart Data

REQUIREMENT ANALYSE.

Intensive Interaction Phase between system analyst by end is user of where team of system development show its membership to get the response and wearer belief so that get the good participation

4 target which wish reached

Explaining system completely
Depicting ideal information system
Bringing ideal information system to condition in this time by paying attention to resource constraint
Giving motivation to wearer confidence into system development

Method

Question And Answer
Kuisioner
Observation
Procedure analyse the
Document perception

Resource constraint

Time : time can influence the analyst to consider the technology innovation operated old during. Therefore, requirement to need enough time to have the leeway can create a[n good alternative
Money : good information system cost money costly, so that need the defrayal enough
Membership : staff of Information system have to have the knowledge, experience and also membership
Technological : Requirement technology become the prima facie problem in system work, so that requirement to be technological of vital importance
Ekternal Factor : A lot of incoming barricade from outside

The Requirement Document analyse

Instruction analyse the : Relation with the final wearer, perception process, problem of data collecting
Wearer Requirement : Requirement in fact, Report requirement, requirement of training and new system influence
System Constraint : Explaining constraint of time and expense, membership, technological and factor eksternal
Document in the form of data collecting instrument, statistical consensus, data stream by logikal and physical, data element of early in data dictionary.

GENERATING SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES

Way of drawing near system condition in this time with the ideal system condition by making alternative to solve problem the information system and also the best alternative applied wisely

Strategy Choice

Distributed Versus centralized processing : change of information Decision from centralized of data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center
Integrated Versus dispersed database : System designer have to consider the data of any kind of incoming in data base and which come into the File
Surround Strategy of System Development : Environmental about important strategy in the case of confiscation of because information system from other;dissimilar company possible differ from the company in this time.

Tactics Choice : Conducted by before choice of operational scheme

Choice of Operational Scheme :

Input

o Online Vs Off of Data Lino Enter The

o Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Enter The

o Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Enter The

Processing

o Batch of Vs Realtime record update the

o Sequential Vs Direct Access to records

o Single Vs Multiple User update the of records

Output

o Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents

o Structured Vs Inquiry based reports

SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM

Tactics compare the : System compared to by pursuant to expense and advantage relatively. There is 3 way of system A told by more pre-eminent with the other system if

A have the lower expense from B and advantage of both is of equal
A have the lower expense from B and A yield the advantage which is more than B
A And B have the expense of is of equal but advantage yielded by A of more amount

Some Method of Compare System

Break Even point Analyisis
Payback Period
Discounted Payback period
Internal of Rate Of Return

Categories Expense : hardware, software, people, suppliers, telecommunications and physical sites

Expense Detail is comparing expense of information system of passing system life, projection analyst of how many expense change for the future and there is 3 model of expense of information system that is Linear, Eksponensial And Step Function

Expense of information system can just be happened once and earn is also happened chronically.

Expense of just information system that happened once that is ontime cost and development cost that happened system development moment .
Expense of information system that happened continually among other things is reccuring cost and also operational cost of where this expense is happened by the moment of information system operate every day.

INFORMATION SYSTEM FACTOR

Factor Qualitative instructing good information system performance among other things

Lessening mistake storey;level
Lessening time to improve;repair the mistake
Lessening time listen carefully from workstation alternative
Quickening ready time of information
Improving system security
Multiply to update the active source record
Improving wearer satisfaction

Factor of Company Strategy

Consumer Satisfaction
Mount the sale mount the
Komitmen of Consumer and vendor
product marketing Information

PRESENTING SYSTEM STUDY

Conducting presentation in a word
Lessening technique clarification in detail

Presenting clearly by means of assist visual
If using model use the assistive appliance for example laptop so that more informative
Emphasizing advantage from proposal of information system with a few existing alternative according to natural by condition of company

DECISION CONTINUE OR DO NOT

If company set mind on to develop the system hence information department will conduct the process hereinafter that is Process The Desain System
If on the contrary hence System Development Life Cycle ( SDLC) will be discontinued
Frequently will be found by problem with the study system and and usually top management will ask conducting of reworking to study system
Model will explain the some part of step repeated and sometime information department will make decision to repeat the step of before explaining study system
With the alternative, decision to repeat a not to speak of or previous step SDLC of Go – No – Go Decision.

Slaid PPT Pengamatan Awal, Kebutuhan Analisis; Ngurah Agus Sanjaya ER, S.KOM, M.KOM

Third Quiz

2009-03-07T02:25:00.000-08:00

1.Importance of developing an information system caused by Existence of problems of arising out in system, old ones like, which do not all right in Organizational Growth System, To reach for the opportunities, Existence of directives

2. Purpose or goal of developing an information system

- Solving problems

- Reach for the opportunity : In a state of market compete the speed of information or time efficiency very determining success or failure of strategy and plans which have been made arrangements for to reach for the existing opportunity.

- Fulfilling given instruction : New system compilation earn is also happened by caused by its is instruction of is from the top of head and or organizational from outside.

3. Organization’s expectations after implementing an information system

- Performance. Improvement to new system performance. so that become more effective

- Information, improvement to presented information quality

- Economy, Improvement to benefit or advantage or decreasing cost that happened

- Control, improvement to operation to detect and improve repair the mistake and also insincerity which and will be the happened

- Efficiency, improvement to efficiency for the operate

- Services, improvement to service given by system

4. Principles of developing an information system

1. System Developed is to menajemen

2. System Developed by is big capital invesment : all existing alternative have to investment

good invesment have to be valuable

3. System Developed need one who educated

4. Step Work and duties which must be conducted in course of development system

5. Process The development system do of note of have to massage

6. Don'T Fear to cancel the project

7. Documentation There must be for the guidance of in development system.

5. Explaining at least three system development life cycle models

Model of Waterfall

Requirements give service, definition, and system target determining to through consultancy with system user. Last go to design which is process scheme of system divide conditions in hardware system and its peripheral of him of Implementation which design software realized as with refer toing program entangling verification that each;every unit have fulfilled its specification. Afterwards to verification represent program unit and tested as complete system to guarantee that conditions of system have been fulfilled. After examination of system, software sent to User. Last to maintenance represent cycle phase which at longest. Conservancy include cover correction and various error which do not be found by at previous phases, repair of system unit implementation and development of service of system.

Model of Iterasi

Initial Planning represent planning early. Then go to requirements represent compiler of requirement completely is later;then analysed and defined by requirement which must fulfill by program to be woke up. This phase have to be done completely to be able to yield complete desain. And design Analysis do desain after requirement have been collected by lengkap.Implementation program desain translated into codes by using Ianguage of pemrograman which have been determined. direct woke up program tested by either through unit. Deployment conducting spreading. Last of testing representing federating of program units is later then tested as a whole. Afterwards evaluation to evaluate program .

Model of Spiral

Determine determine the intention of determined phase. Strategy alternative have been prepared pursuant to risks knew, and have been planned. Going to Identify risks resolve and each every risk analysed in detail at this sector, for example making prototype to know to incompatibility of requirement. Going to Development test and , after risk evaluation, hence system development model selected, for example if risk of user dominant interface, hence making User Interface prototype. Going to Plan iteration next the of is Project of evaluated or ditinjau-ulang and set mind on to continue to phase of loop hereinafter or do not. If continuing to next phase of plan for loop hereinafter.

6. Explaining approaches of developing a system

1. Classical approach fight against the structured approach

Classical approach emphasize that development system will succeed if/when following phase in systems life cycle. Structure approach try to provide to additional analysis system of appliance and technique for the development of system beside remain to follow the idea from systems life cycle

2. Piecemeal approach fight against the systems approach

Piecemeal approach, selected application or activity, developed by regardless of its position in system information or regardless of target of[is overall of organization. Systems Approach paying attention to system information as one integrated union to each activity or its application emphasizing at goal achievement of entirety from organization

3. Buttom-up approachfight against the top-down approach

Bottom-up Approach started from requirement formulation to handle the transaction and climb the level for by formulating information requirement of pursuant to the transaction. Top-down Approach started by identifying organizational wisdom and target is hereinafter conducted by analysis of information requirement, hence process to descend to transaction process

4. Total-system approach fight against the modular approach

Total-system Approach represent the approach developing system at a time by totally. approach try to solve the complicated system become the some part so that system will be more is easy to comprehended and developed.

5. Great loop approach fight against the evolutionary approach

Great Loop approach apply the change totally at a time use the sophisticated technology. Evolutionary Approach cause the invesment do not too costly and can keep abreast of the technology which quickly, so that technology used do not quickly become worn out.

7. Explaining the meaning of methodology, method and algorithm

- Methodologies is method union, procedure, work concepts, order and postulate used by a science, artistic or the other discipline.

- Algorithm is procedure sequence for the trouble-shooting of this.

- Method is a way of systematic technique to do something.

8. Explaining the three classifications of development methodology

1. Functional Decomposition methodologies

This methodologies emphasize at the resolving from system into smaller subsistem-subsistem, so that will be more easy to to be comprehended, designed and applied

2. Data of Oriented methodologies

This methodologies emphasize at the characteristic from data to be processed. This methodologies is grouped by into two class that is data of flow oriented methodologies and data of structure oriented methodologies

3. Presciptive Methodologies

- ISDOS

Automatization Usefulness process the development of system information. ISDOS have two component that is PSL ( a Ianguage to note the wearer requirement in the form of machine-readable) and PSA ( software packet which loo like with the data dictionary used to check the data included kept and analysed to be yielded by as output report)

- PLEXSYS

Usefulness to [do/conduct] the transpormasi of a high level statemen Ianguage computer to a executable code to a[n wanted hardware configuraton.

- PRIDE

Representing a[n better inwrought software for the analyst of designed by system structure, menajemen data, menajemen of project and documentation.

- SDM / 70

Representing a[n software contain with the method corps, estimate the, documentasi and guide of administration gunba assist the wearer to develop and take care of the effective system.

- SPECTRUM

Representing metodelogi of development system that is SII ( Spectrum International. Inc.)

- SRES And SREM

SRES of wearer Requirement expressed in RSL (requirement statement language). Definition RSL later then can be analysed by using REVS ( requirement engineering and validation system). Methodologies constitutoing software in mentioning SREM ( software requirement engineering merthodologi)

9. Mentioning tools for developing a system

Appliance of Development system which is the in form of graph

a. HIPO Diagram, used as by methodologies of HIPO and the other methodologies

b. Data of Flow diagram, used in methodologies of structured systems analylis and design

c. Structured Chat, used in methodologies of systems analysis and design

d. SADT Diagram, used in methodologies SADT

e. Warnier / orr diagram, used in methodologies Warnier / orr

f. Jakson's Diagram, used incmethodologies of Jackson system development

Appliance of Development system which is the in form of schema

1. activity charting : depicting activity

a. systems flowchart

b. program the flowchart: program the logic flowchart, detailed computer program the flowchart

c. paperwork flowchart

d. database of relationship flowchart

e. process flowchart

f. gantt chart

2. layout charting

3. personal relationship chartin : depicting personnel relation

a. working distribution chart

b. organization chart

10. Explaining techniques used in developing a system

a. technique of menajemen project, that is CPM ( critical path method ) and PERT

(program the evaluation and review technique). This technique [is] used for schedulling project

b. fact finding techniques that is technique which can be used to collect the data and find the fact in activity learn the existing system. Between interview, observation, questionnaires, sampling

c. cost effectiveness analysis or cost benefit analysis

d. technique to run the close

e. inspection technique / walkthrough

11. Explaining the differences of being a system analyst and a programmer

System Analyst

Programmer

- Responsibility of system analyst of at making program and system as a whole.

- Broader system analyst knowledge at computer technology and at application area handled.

- Work of system analyst in making program limited to trouble-shooting of secra outline.

- Work of system analyst entangle the many people relation.

- Responsibility pemrogrammer limited to computer program making.

- Rrogrammer knowledge limited to computer technology, computer system, utililies, needed programming language.

- Technical programmer work in character and have to quickly in making intruksi-intruksi the program .

- Programmer work do not concerning relation with many people.

Knowledge a system analyst should posses:

1. Knowledge and membership of about technological data processing technique of computer and programmer computer

2. Knowledge of about business in general

3. Knowledge about quantitative method

4. Trouble-Shooting membership

5. Communications membership usher the personnel

6. Membership construct the relation usher personnel

Refference :

Jeffrey L. Whitten, Lonnie D. Bentlev, Thomas I.M. Ho, Systems Analysis & Design Methods, (St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, 1986), chapter. 107-113.

Ibid, chapter. 117-123.

Lihat Wilkinson, Accounting and Information Systems, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), chapter. 547-549.

A.Ziyas Aktas, Op. cit., chapter. 132-133, 155-157.

Sommerville, Ian. Software Engineering. 6th. Addison Wesley. 2001.

The Basic Concept of System

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ELEMENTARY CONCEPT

1.1 Elementary Concept of System

System definition seen from procedure approach. System is a network work from procedure which interact, gathering together to do a activity or to finish a certain target.

Procedure is a correct medley from instruction step explaining what which must be done, who doing, when done and how doing

System definition seen from procedure component approach / element. System is corps from element which have interaction to reach specific-purpose.

1.1.1 System Characteristic

Component

· Component which interact, work along to form one union

· Supra System

Boundary

· Limiting system with the other system / external environment

Environments

· Any beyond the bounds of from system influencing system operation

Interface

· Interface Media of between one system sub with the other system sub

Input

· Energi included into system can be in the form of the input of treatment and input sinyal.

Output

· Result from energi processed and in klasifikasi become the output which is good for and rest of dismissal

Process

· Input Fox become the output

Objective/goal

· Otherwise own the goal hence operate for the system of there will be no utilizing. System told to succeed if when have hit the Objective/goal

1.1.2 Klafisikasi System

Abstraction System [is] system in the form of opinion or idea. Follow the example of the : religion system, custom system.

Physical System [is] existing system in physical. Example : computer system, system akutansi, system produce.

Natural System is system that happened through natural process. Example : gravitation system. Brand System [is] system entangling interaction [of] human being mechanically.Example : computer system, SI
Certain System is system operating with the behaviour earn the diprediksi. Example : computer system.

System is not certain is system which its future condition cannot diprediksi. Example : system of product sale.

Closed System is system which not correlate and is not imbued with external environment. Open System is coresponding system and there is influence environmentally outside.

1.2 Elementary Concept of Information

Information is data processed become the more form good for and more meaning for accepting

1.2.1 Information Cycle

Data processed by through a model become the information, receiver later;then accept the the information, making a[n data and conduct action, meaning to yield a other action to make a number of the data return.

The data will in catching as input, in process return to pass a model and so on form a cycle.

This cycle by John Burch referred as with the information cycle. This cycle in mentioning also with the data of processing cycles

1.2.2 Information Quality

Accurate

· Information free from the mistake and not deflect or mislead

Punctual

· Incoming information at receiver may not Lose time

Relevant

· Information have the benefit for the usage of its

1.2.3 Assess Information

Assess the information determined from two matter that is benefit and expense get. Information will be valuable if big added significance from expense get